According to IEA Oil Market Report, Global oil demand is set to rise by 1.9 mb/d in 2023, to a record 101.7 mb/d, with nearly half the gain from China following the lifting of its Covid restrictions. Jet fuel remains the largest source of growth, up 840 kb/d. OECD oil demand slumped by 900 kb/d in 4Q22 as weak industrial activity and weather effects lowered use, while non-OECD demand was 500 kb/d higher.
World oil supply growth in 2023 is set to slow to 1 mb/d following last year’s OPEC+ led growth of 4.7 mb/d. An overall non-OPEC+ rise of 1.9 mb/d will be tempered by an OPEC+ drop of 870 kb/d due to expected declines in Russia. The US ranks as the world’s leading source of supply growth and, along with Canada, Brazil and Guyana, hits an annual production record for a second straight year.
Global refinery activity was steady in December as US runs plunged 910 kb/d due to weather-related outages, but higher runs in Europe and Asia offset the fall. After an increase of 2.1 mb/d in 2022, refinery throughputs are set to grow by 1.5 mb/d in 2023, helped by 2.2 mb/d of capacity additions between 4Q22 and end-2023.
Russian oil exports fell by 200 kb/d m-o-m in December to 7.8 mb/d, as crude shipments to the EU declined after the EU crude embargo and G7 price cap came into effect. Russian diesel exports surged to a multi-year high of 1.2 mb/d, of which 720 kb/d was destined for the EU. Record discounts for Russian benchmark Urals grade saw Russian revenues slip by $3 bn m-o-m to $12.6 bn.
Global observed oil inventories surged by 79.1 mb m-o-m in November, hitting their highest levels since October 2021. The increase was led by non-OECD stocks (+43.9 mb) and oil on water (+38.1 mb). In the OECD, the release of government reserves offset a small increase in industry holdings. At 2 779 mb, OECD industry stocks were 37.1 mb above a year ago but 125.9 mb below their five-year average.
Benchmark crude oil futures extended their rout in December, with ICE Brent falling $9.51/bbl to $81.34/bbl. The lifting of China’s Covid-restrictions did little to boost sentiment while Russian oil exports remained resilient. Refinery outages in the US lifted product cracks. Freight rates eased for large crude carriers but rose on product routes ahead of the EU embargo on Russian oil products.
This year could see oil demand rise by 1.9 mb/d to reach 101.7 mb/d, the highest ever, tightening the balances as Russian supply slows under the full impact of sanctions. China will drive nearly half this global demand growth even as the shape and speed of its reopening remains uncertain.
Energy efficiency gains and booming sales of electrical vehicles will curb global 2023 demand growth by close to 900 kb/d this year. Measures like these are especially vital in a supply-constrained oil market.
A slow demand recovery expected in 1H23 suggests continued inventory builds like those that started to emerge in 3Q22. In the last quarter of 2022, supply outpaced demand by over 1 mb/d despite a cut in OPEC+ production targets and disruptions to US supply due to winter storms. Mild weather combined with weak industrial activity to cut oil demand use in Europe. Demand was also restrained by China’s Covid lockdowns and winter blizzards that disrupted holiday travel in the US and Canada. As a result, 4Q22 oil demand contracted by a massive 910 kb/d year-on-year in the OECD and exceptionally by 130 kb/d y-o-y in China.
Much of the surplus oil appears to have ended up in emerging markets, including China, and on tankers at sea. By end-November, observed non-OECD inventories had risen by 75 mb y-o-y compared to a 233 mb decline in the OECD where 270 mb of government reserves were released. Oil on water increased by a massive 181 mb because tankers now have to sail significantly longer distances due to the reallocation of Russian flows.
Following an initial collapse in Russian loadings after the EU crude embargo and a G7 price cap came into effect on 5 December, exports have partially rebounded - underscoring the high degree of uncertainty for the outlook. For December as a whole, loadings of Russian oil fell 200 kb/d on average to 7.8 mb/d, while total oil supply held steady at 11.2 mb/d. Nevertheless, record price discounts on Russian benchmark export grades of up to $40/bbl compared with North Sea Dated shrunk revenues by $3 bn to $12.6 bn last month – their lowest since February 2021. At the time of writing the North Sea benchmark was trading at around $83/bbl, down $18/bbl from a November peak and largely unchanged from a year ago.
The well-supplied oil balance at the start of 2023 could quickly tighten however as western sanctions impact Russian exports. Product markets, especially diesel, are most at risk just as demand growth recovers. In December, Russia exported a record 1.2 mb/d of diesel, with 60% destined for the EU. Fresh supplies from new plants in the Middle East and from China will provide welcome relief. Chinese diesel is already arriving in Europe after Beijing raised export quotas late last year.
The IEA Oil Market Report (OMR) is one of the world's most authoritative and timely sources of data, forecasts and analysis on the global oil market – including detailed statistics and commentary on oil supply, demand, inventories, prices and refining activity, as well as oil trade for IEA and selected non-IEA countries.